Svetuka kuchirochemo

Chinyorwa chikuru chePandemic

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Kubva Wikipedia

Shoko rekuti Pandemic rakabva parurimi rwechiGreek ishoko rinoreva kupararira kwechirwere chinopomeranwa icho chinenge chafamba kana kushanyira matunhu kana nyika dzakawanda kudarika imwe chete. Kupararira nekukasira kwechirwere muvanhu vazhinji vagere munzvimbo imwe kana dunhu rimwe nemnguva pfupi kunodaidzwa nezita rechirungu rekuti epidemic.[1] Chirwere chakapararira asi huwandu hwevanhu vachakabata huchiramba hwakadzikama chinonzi endemic, kwete pandemic. Chirwere chikava endemic asi chiine huwandu hwakadzikama hwevanhu vachakabata , zvakafanana nedzihwa rinopota richinyuka zvichienderana nemwaka chiri kunze kweboka iri nokuti zvinoitika panguva imwechete mumatunhu mahombe dzepasirose kwete kupararira nenyika yose.

Tsanangudzo nematanho

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Zita rekuti pandemci rinoshandiswa kutsanangura epidemic iri kuitika ichigura miganhu yenyika. [2] Chirwere kana chimiro chero chikapararira kwakawanda kana kuuraya vanhu vakawanda hachizodaidzwi kuti pandemic nokuda kwaizvozvo zvoga, chinofanirawo kuva chinotapuriranwa. Semuenzaniso, chirwere chegomarara chinokonzera kufa kwevanhu vazhinji asi hachiverengwi sepandemic nekuti hachitapuriki kana kuparadzirwa.[3]

Kupararira kwema epidhemic (nemapandemic) kana kuchitaridzwa pagraph kunobudisa chimiro kana kuti dendenedzu rakaita sebhera, chichitaridza huwandu hwevanhu vanenge vabatwa nechirwere panguva imwe neimwe. Dendenedzu iri kazhinji rinongobuda rakadaro kana chirwere chapararira. Zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa kazhinji zvinopararira muzvikamu zvitatu sezvakataridzwa pagraph rinotevera. Mufananidzo wekutanga: Graph rinoratidza dendenedzu reepidemic, rakanyorwa naToby Morris. MuThe Spinoff ya9 Kurume 2020 [4]

Chikamu chekutanga chinowanikwa panotanga dendenedzu. Kana tikatora chirwere chapararira cheCOVID-19 semuenzaniso, ndizvo zvinotaridza panotangira kupararira kwechirwere, panenge panevanhu vashoma vanenge vachizivikanwa kuti vakabatwa nechirwere chacho.

Chikamu chechipiri chedendenedzu reepidemic chinotaridza nhanho inodaidzwa nezita rechirungu rekuti "community phase" [5] Panhanho iyi ndipo panobuda hochekoche yekubatwa kwevanhu nechirwere apo vanhu vanga vasina chirwere ichi vanotangawo kubatwa nacho.

Chikamu chechitatu chedendendzu reepidemic chinotaridza kuti kupararira kwechirwere kwadzorwa, kana kuti hazvichakwanisiki kuti kuwanikwe vamwe vanhu vatsva vanobatwa nacho.

Kudzora kupararira kwechirwere

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Kune matanho akawanda anogona kutorwa nenyika kudzora kunyuka kwepandemic. Mugore ra2005, sangano reWorld Health Organisation rakakumikidza gwaro rinodaidzwa nechirungu kuti International Health Regulations, rinova iro gwaro remutemo rekudzivirira, kudzora pamwe nekumirisana nezvimiro zvehutano zvinogona kutapuriranwa pakati penyika dzakasiyana. [6] Pamusoro pazvo sangano reWorld Health Organisation rakaumba gwaro rinopa gwara pakurwisana nema pandemic echirwere chedzihwa. Gwaro iri rakatanga kuburitswa mugore ra1999 rikazodzokorodzwa nekuvandudzwa mugore ra2005 nemuna 2009.[7] Matanho mazhinji ekudzivirira chirwere cheCOVID-19 akatorwa kubva mugwaro reInternational Health Regulations 2005 nemuzviga zveWorld Health Organisation zvekugadzirirwa kwekumirirsana nemapandemic edzihwa.

Pava nenhaurirano dzakawanda pamusoro penzira yekurwisa inodaidzwa kuti 3T's (Testing, Treatment, Tracing) zvichireva (kuvheneka, kurapa, kuteverera) iyo inoita kuti nyika dzikwanise kuona nekukasira uwandu hwevanhu vakabatwa nechirwere dzisati dzavapatsanura kubva kune vamwe vanhu pamwe nekuvarapa.[8] Nzira yacho inosanganisira kuteverera vanhu vese vakambosangana nemunhu anechirwere wacho, kwava kuvapatsanurawo nevamwe. Nzira iyi yaita mukurumbira nekuda kwekubudirira kwayakaita munzvimbo dzinoti South Korea neSingapore, kunyangwe hazvo zvichifungidzirwa kuti nyika mbiri idzi dzakagara dzakagadzirira mushure medambudziko rakakonzerwa nechirwere cheSARS.

Kumira vanhu vakaparadzana, kana kuti kusiya nzvimbo pakati pako nevamwe vanhu, idanho rezvehutano hweveruzhinji rakanangana nekunonotsa kupararira kwechirwere kuburikidza nekukonesa vanhu kusvika pedyo napedyo kuitira kushaisa mukana kutapuriranwa kwezvirwere zvinopararira nezvinotapuriranwa. Mukuru mukuru wesangano reWorld Health Organisation, Chiremba Michael J Ryan vachitaura nevatapi venhau muna Kurume 2019 vakati ivo kumira wakasiya nzvimbo pakati pako nevamwe vanhu "idanho rinoshanda kwenguva pfupi rekudzora kumhanya kwekupararira kwechirwere, nokubvisa mutoro pamapato ezvehutano, asi zvisingapedzi hutachiwana pachahwo. Danho iri rinodhura, huye rinoda kushandiswa pamwe chete nemamwe matanho ekurwisana nedambudziko." [9] Chiremba Ryan vakajekesa kuti kusiya nzvimbo pakati pako nevamwe vanhu chete hakungagoni kupedza chirwere.

MaPandemic ariko pari zvino

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Shuramatongo

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Chinyorwa chikuru: Kuongororwa kwezvechirwere cheShuramatongo

Kunangwe hazvo WHO ichishandisa shoko rokuti "global epidemic" kutsanangura chirwere cheShuramatongo, chirwere ichi kana tichitevedza zvinoreva mavara awa "ipandemic"[10]. Kusvika mugore ra2018, vanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni makumi matatu nemanomwe nechidimbu (37.9 million) Pasirose vakanga vabatwa nechirwere cheShuramatongo.[11] Mugore ra2018, vanhu vakafa nechirwere ichi vanosvika mazana manonwe nemakumi manomwe ezvuru (770,000).[12] Parizvino, dunhu rekuchamhembe kweAfrica ndiro rakanyanya kukanganiswa neShuramatongo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvikamu zvikumi zvitanhatu nechimwe kubva muzana (61%) zvevanhu vakabatwa neutachiwana hweShuramatongo kekutanga vanhu vemudunhu iri.[13]

Hutachiwana hweboka remaCoronaviruses

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Hutachiwana hwemhando yemaCoronavirus iboka guru rehutachiwana hunokonzera zvirwere zvinosanganisira kubva padzihwa ramazuva ose kusvika pane zvimwe zvirwere zvakasimba seMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) neSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Imwe mhando itsva yekoronavhayirasi (SARS-CoV-2) inokonzera chirwere cheCoronavirus 2019, kana kuti COVID-19.[14] Mamwe marudzi ehutachiwana hwemaCoronavirus anodaidzwa kuti ari 'zoonotic', kureva kuti anotapuriranwa pakati pevanhu nemhuka. Tsvagurudzo yakadzama yakaitwa yakabudisa kuti SARS-CoV yakatapurirwa vanhu kubva pamhuka yerudzi rwechidembo, uyewo MERS-CoV yakatapurirwa vanhu nemangamera. Kune hutachiwana hunozivikanwa hwakawanda hwemhando yemacoronavirus huchiri kungotenderera mumhuka husati hwatapurirwa kuvanhu. Mhando itsva yehutachiwana hweCoronavirus hwakatangira muguta reWuhan, mudunhu reHubei kuChina kupera kwaZvita 2019,[15] hwakonzera chitsama chechirwere chakasimba chinokanganisa munhu kufema, icho chinodaidzwa nezita rekuti Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Dandemutande reHopkins University [16] rakabudisa mashoko ekuti nyika dzinoda kusvika mazana maviri dzakashanyirwa nehutachiwanan hweCOVID-19, icho chakanyanyopararira munyika dzinoti United States (America), matunhu epakati peChina, kumavirazuva kweEurope pamwe chete neIran.[17] Musi wa 11 Kurume mugore ra2020, sangano rezvehutanho pasirose reWorld Health Organisation rakapinza kupararira kweCOVID-19 muchikamu chemapandemic [18] [19] Kusvika musi wa23 Kubvumbi 2020 uhwandu hwevanhu vakanga vabatwa nechirwere cheCOVID-19 hwakanga hwasvika pamamiriyoni maviri nemakumi matanhatu nematatu ezviuru (2.63 million) pasirose, huwandu hwevafa nacho huchisvika zana nemakumi masere nemana ezvuru nevanhu makumi maviri emazana nemakumi mana nevapfumbamwe kana kuti 184,249 ukuwo vakapora pachirwere ichi vachisvika mazana manomwe nemakumi maviri ezvuru anemakumi mashanu nevashanu, kana kuti 722,055. [20]

Kupararira kwezvirwere kwakaita mukurumbira

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Marariya

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Marariya chirwere chakakurumbira munzvimbo dziri pakati nepadhuze pedendenedzu renyika idzo dzinodaidzwa nechirungu kuti ma "tropical and subtropical regions" dzinosanganisira mamwe matunhu eAmerica, Asia pamwe neAfrica. Gore negore vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti vanosvika huhwandu hwunobva pamazana matatu nekakumi mashanu emamiriyoni kusvika pamazana mashanu emamiriyoni vanobatwa nechirwere ichi.[21] Dambudziko guru mumakore e21st century nderekuti chirwere chinojairira mishonga iyo inobva yashaiwa simba rekurapa chirwere ichi, izvo zvinova zvava kuitika kumhando dzose dzemishonga yemharariya, kunze kwe mando inodaidzwa nezita rekuti artemisinins [22]

Marariya chirwere chakamboita mukurumbira munyika zhinji dzekuEurope neAmerica yekuchamhembe, uko isingachawanikwi. [23] Marariya inofungidzirwa kuti yakabatsira pakuwondomoka kwehumambo hweRoma.[24] Chirwere ichi chakatozombozikanwa nezita rekuti "Roman fever".[25] Hutachiwana "hwePlasmodium falciparum" yakava njodzi huru kuvapambepfumi pamwe nevagari venzvimbo apo hwakapinda mudunhu reAmerica pamakore ekutengeswa kwenhapwa.[26]

Chirwere chedzihwa rerudzi hweSpanish

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Dzihwa reSpanish flu (1918 kusvika 1920) rakabata vanhu mazana mashanu emamiriyoni pasirose,[27] kusanganisira vanhu vanogara pazvitsuwa zvePacific nedunhu rechando reArctic, rikauraya vanhu vari pakati pemamiriyoni makumi maviri ne mamiriyoni zana. [28] [29] Zvirwere zvinji zvedzihwa zvinouraya zvisina kuenzana vana vadiki diki nevanhu vakwegura zvakanyanya, mukana wekurarama uchiwanikwa nevari pamazera epakati nepakati. Asi dzihwa reSpanish flu rakauraya zvisina kutarisirwa vemazera epakati nepakati.[30] Dzihwa reSpanish flu rakauraya vanhu vakawanda kudarika hondo yekutanga yepasirose, kana kuti World War I huyewo mumavhiki makumi maviri nemashanu ekutanga kwaro rakuraya vanhu vakawanda kudarika zvakaitwa neShuramatongo mumakore makumi maviri nemashanu ekutanga kwayo. [31][32] Kuvapo kwemauto muhuwandu nekugara kwawo pakamanikana pamakore ehondo yekutanga yepasirose kwakakonzera kuti hwupararira nekushanduka nekukasira; kuva nyore kubatwa nechirwere ichi kwemauto kunogona kungewo kwakabatsirwa nekusagadzikana mupfungwa, kushaya chikafu chinovaka muviri nekurwiswa kwavo nezvombo zvine mushonga inoparadza.[33] Kuvandudzika kwemafambiro nezvifambiso kwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti mauto, vatyairi vezvikepe nevafambiwo zvavo vaparadzire chirwere ichi.[34]

Kufunganya nezve hutachiwana munguva inotevera

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Kupikiswa kwemishonga yerudzi rwemaAntibiotic

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Chinyorwa chikuru: Kupikiswa kwemishonga yerudzi rwemaAntibiotic

Hutachiwana hune simba rekupikisa mushonga wemaAntibiotic hunodaidzwa dzimwe nguva nezita rechirungu rekuti "masuperbugs". Hutawana hwerudzi uhwu hwunokwanisa kubatsira kunyuka zvakare kwezvirwere zvanga zvambokwanisa kudzorwa zvakanaka. [35] Semuenzaniso, zviitiko zvechirwere cherurindi kana kuti TB zvine simba rekupikis amishonga yagara ichizivikanwa kuti inorapa chirwere ichi zvakanaka idambudziko guru kune vezveutano. Zviitiko zvitsva zvinoda kusvika chidimbu chemiriyoni imwechete zvekupikiswa kwemishonga mizhinji yerurindi, uko kunodaidzwa nechirungu kuti multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) zvinoitika gore negore. [36] China ne India ndidzo nyika dzine zviitiko zvakawanda zve dambudziko iri. [37] Sangano rezveutano hwepasirose reWorld Health Organisation (WHO) rinobudisa mashoko ekuti huwandu hwevanhu vanofungidzirwa kusvika pa mamiriyoni makumi mashanu pasirose vane chirwere cheMDR TB, zvikamu makumi manomwe nezvipfumbamwe kubva muzana zvavo zviri zvevanhu vane chirwere cherudzi rwunopikisana nemishona mitatu kana kupfuura. Mugore ra2015, zviitiko zvinosvika zana nemakumi maviri anezvina zveMDR-TB zvakaonekwa muAmerica (United States) chete. Imwe mhando yechirwere cherurindi inopikisana mishinga yakawanda zvakapamhidzirwa iyo inodaidzwa nechirungu kuti extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) yakaonekwa muAfrica mugore ra2016, ikazoonekwa kuti yaiwanikwawo munyika makumi mana nepfumbamwe, kusanganisira muAmerika. Sangano reWHO rinofungidzira kuti zviitiko zvitsva zveXDR-TB zvinosvika zviuru makumi mana (40 000) zvinoonekwa pagore. [38]

Mumakore makumi mana apfuura, hutachiwana hwamazuva ose hunosanganisira hunonzi Straphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens neEnterococcus, hwakaumba simba rekupikisana nemishonga ine chitsama yakafanana nevancomycin, pamwe nezvikwata zvimwe zvizere zvemishonga inorwisa hutachiwana yemaAntibiotics yakaita sema aminoglycosides nemacephalosporins. Hutachiwana hunopikisa mishonga yemaAntibiotic yava honzeri huru ye kubatwa nezvirwere kune chekuita nezvekurapwa kwevanhu , kana kuti muchirungu "healthcare-associated (nosocomical) infections" (HAI, muchidimbu). Pamusoro pazvo, huhwere hunokonzerwa nemarudzi anotapurwa mukugarisana (community-acquired strains) ehutachiwana hwemethicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) muvanhu vagara havo vaine hutano hwavo, hwawedzera kutekeshera makore ano.

Huhwere hwunobudisa ropa

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Hurwere hwunobudisa ropa, hunodaidzwa nechirungu kuti viral hemorrhagic fevers, huhwere hunotapuriranwa zvakanyanya huye hunouraya kwazvo. Mienzaniso inosanganisira zvirwere zvinoti Ebola, Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marbug virus disease neBolivian hemorrhagic fever. Zvirwere zvemhando iyi zvine mukana wekupararira kuita pandemic. [39] Simba razvo rekukwanisa kupararira nekukasira kuva pandemic rakapomhodzwa nekuti kuparadzirwa kwehutachiwana hwacho kunogoneka chete kana munhu asina hutachiwana agunzvana neanahwo, uyewo iye anehutachiwana hwacho anenguva pfupi asati asangana nerufu kana kuti kurwara kwakanyanya. Nguva diki inowanikwa panotangira munhu kubatwa nehutachiwana kusvika paanotanga kuratidza zviratidzo zveurwee hwacho inopa vezvehutano mukana wekukasira kumutsaura pane vamwe, kuitira kudzivirira kutapurira kwake hutachiwana kune dzimwe nzvimbo.

Hutachiwana hwerudzi hweZika virus

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Chinyorwa chikuru: epidhemiki ya2015 kusvika 2016 yeZika virus, Zika virus neZika fever

Kupararira kweZika virus kwakatanga mugore ra2015 kukazokwira zvakanyanya mumwedzi yose yekutanga kwa2016, kuchionekwa zviitiko zvinodarika miriyoni imwechete nechidimbu munyika dzinodarika gumi nembiri munyika-dunhu reAmerica. Sangano reWorld Health Organisation rakayambira kuti Zika yaiva nesimba rekuzoputika kuita pandemic inobata pasirose kana ikasadzorwa.[40]

References

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  1. ↑ Principles of Epidemiology, Third Edition (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012.
  2. ↑ Porta, Miquel, ed. (2008). Dictionary of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-531449-6. Retrieved 14 September 2012
  3. ↑ A. M., Dumar (2009). Swine Flu: What You Need to Know. Wildside Press LLC. p. 7. ISBN 978-1434458322.
  4. ↑ Graphic accessed at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020.
  5. ↑ Wiles S. The three phases of Covid-19 and how we can make it manageable. TheSpinoff. Available at: https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable. Accessed on 10 April 2020
  6. ↑ See: https://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en
  7. ↑ ibid
  8. ↑ The 3 T’s model: Hitting the nail on the head, The Jordan times, April 2020 http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/mohammad-majed-abufaraj/3-ts-model-hitting-nail-head
  9. ↑ World Health Organisation March press briefing on Coronavirus , Reuters, 2020https://www.pscp.tv/w/1OdJrqYMXMXGX?t=49m58s
  10. ↑ "WHO HIV/AIDS Data and Statistics". Retrieved 12 April 2020
  11. ↑ Fact Sheet" (PDF). UNAIDS.org. 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  12. ↑ "UN AIDS DATA2019". UNAIDS.org. 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  13. ↑ See endnote 11
  14. ↑ Megan McArdle closeMegan. "Opinion | When a danger is growing exponentially, everything looks fine until it doesn't". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  15. ↑ "WHO Statement Regarding Cluster of Pneumonia Cases in Wuhan, China". WHO. 31 December 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  16. ↑ COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU), accessed April 23rd 2020: https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
  17. ↑ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic (Live statistics)". Worldometer. 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  18. ↑ "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". WHO. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  19. ↑ "Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic". BBC News. 11 March 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
  20. ↑ "Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic". Worldometer.
  21. ↑ "Malaria Facts". Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  22. ↑ White, NJ (April 2004). "Antimalarial drug resistance". J. Clin. Invest. 113 (8): 1084–1092. doi:10.1172/JCI21682. PMC 385418. PMID 15085184.
  23. ↑ Vector- and Rodent-Borne Diseases in Europe and North America. Norman G. Gratz. World Health Organization, Geneva.
  24. ↑ DNA clues to malaria in ancient Rome. BBC News. 20 February 2001.
  25. ↑ "Malaria and Rome" Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Robert Sallares. ABC.net.au. 29 January 2003.
  26. ↑ "The Changing World of Pacific Northwest Indians". Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest, University of Washington.
  27. ↑ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  28. ↑ Taubenberger JK, Morens DM (January 2006). "1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (1): 15–22. doi:10.3201/eid1201.050979. PMC 3291398. PMID 16494711. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
  29. ↑ "Historical Estimates of World Population". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2013.
  30. ↑ Gagnon A, Miller MS, Hallman SA, Bourbeau R, Herring DA, Earn DJ, Madrenas J (2013). "Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality". PLOS One. 8 (8): e69586. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...869586G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069586. PMC 3734171. PMID 23940526.
  31. ↑ "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic". virus.stanford.edu.
  32. ↑ Spanish flu facts by Channel 4 News
  33. ↑ Qureshi, Adnan I. (2016). Ebola Virus Disease: From Origin to Outbreak. Academic Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0128042427.
  34. ↑ Spanish flu strikes during World War I, 14 January 2010
  35. ↑ Researchers sound the alarm: the multidrug resistance of the plague bacillus could spread Archived 14 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Pasteur.fr
  36. ↑ Health ministers to accelerate efforts against drug-resistant TB. World Health Organization.
  37. ↑ Bill Gates joins Chinese government in tackling TB 'timebomb'. Guardian.co.uk. 1 April 2009
  38. ↑ Tuberculosis: A new pandemic?. CNN.com
  39. ↑ Fears of Ebola pandemic if violent attacks continue in DR Congo". Al-Jazeera. 23 May 2019.
  40. ↑ "Zika virus could become 'explosive pandemic'". bbc.co.uk. 28 January 2016.
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