Pathogen imicroorganism - chinhu chidiki chisingaonekwe nemaziso – chinokonzera hutachiona nekurwara. Mapathogens anonzi hutachiona, kana dzimwe nguva zvipembenene, nekuti inoraramiswa neimwe mhuka kana munhu. Hutachiwana hwakajairika hunozi mavirus nemabacteria.^[1] Zvirwere zvinokonzereswa nemapathogens – kunge chirwere cheCOVID-19 – zvinonzi zvirwere zvinotapukira kana zvirwere zvinopararira.

Mhando[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Zvisati zvakuratidza versus zvakuratidza[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Vara rekuti "utachiona" rinoreva chinhu chinikonzera chirwere, kunyangwe chiri chidiki sei asi vara iri rwajaira kushandiswa kureva hutachiona hunoratidzika. Dzimwe nguva zvinogona kukonzera viringo, saka avo vanoshanda mumabasa ekurapa vanowandzo taura nezve colonization kana zvinhu zvinokonzera zvirwere zviripo asi pasina chirwere chacho. Zviratidzo zvechirwere zviri muzvikamu zviviri: zvinoratidzika nezvekurapa. Hutachiona huripo, asi pasina zviratidzo (zvekare zvinonzi zvisingaonekwe kana zvakanyarara) Hutachiona husingaratidzike panzhe hunoreva hutachiona huripo asi husingaratidzika. Muenzaniso: tuberculosis isingaratidzike hutachiona we bacteria isingaratidzike. Hutachiona wema virus unogonawo kusaratidzika, se herpes. Hutachiona hunogona kupatsunurwa muzvikamu zvinotevera: acute,^[2] (apa zviratidzo zvinokura nekukasira), chronic,^[3] (apa zviratidzo zvinokura zvishoma nezvishoma) subacute, (apa zviratidzo zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti zvikure asi zvinokurumidza kupfuura chronic), latent, (apa zviratidzo azvipo asi iyo pathogen iripo) ne focal,^[4] (iyi inotsanangurwa pakatanga hutachiona kubva hwatapararira kumuviri wese).

Kutapurikana[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Kutakurwa kwema pathogens kubva kuvanhu achienda kunevamwe vanhu kunozivikanwa se transmission cycle.Mapathogens akasiyana anokonzera hutachiwana hwakasiyana ne transmission cycle yakasiyana. Kuti tinzwisise kuti nei hutachiwana huchiitika nekuziva kuhudzivirira, ma scientists anofanirwa kunzwisisa transmission cycle yehutachiwana.

Transmission cycle inematanho akawanda. Ndeaya:

Pathogen kana chipembenene (nekuti inoramiswa nechimwe chinunhu kana munhu) ndiyo inokonzeresa hutachiona. Ma pathogens akajairika ma virus nema bacteria.
Host imhuka inehutachiona kana munhu "akatakura" iyo pathogen.
The exit inzira inoshandiswa ne pathogen kubva mumuviri wemhuka kana munhu anehutachiwana.
Transmission mafambiro epathogen kubva ku host kuenda kumunhu anogona kubata chirwere
Munharaunda, munzvimbo munofambwa ne pathogen kubva ku host ichienda kumunhu anogona kubata chirwere
The entry ndipo panopinda napo pathogen muviri wemunhu anogona kubata chirwere.
Future host, ndiye munhu achazo gamuchira pathogen.^[1]

Pathogen inogona kutakurwa kubva kune host ichienda kunemumwe munhu anogona kuigamuchira munzira dzakasiyana siyana. Mamwe ma pathogens anotakurwa muchikafu kana mumvura, mamwe nekubatana nemamwe ma pathogens anotakurwa mumhepho. Mubepa rino ticha tarisa ma pathogens anotakurwa mumhepo.

Hutachiwana hunokonzera chirwere wega ne hutachiwana hunokonzera chirwere kana munhu angaagara achirwara[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Zvirwere zvishoma zvinokonzerwa muvanhu vanehutano kunyangwe marudzi ema microorganisms akawanda. Kuonekwa nekushata kwechirwere kunoenderana nekugona kwepathogen (kana hutachiona) kukuvadza host nekugona kwe host kurwisa hutachiona nedzimwe nguva imune system ye host inogona kukuvadza host painenge ichiedza kudzora utachiona. Vashandi vehutano saka vanopatsanura utachiona se primary pathogens kana se opportunistic pathogens.

Primary pathogens[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Primary pathogens (kana hutachiona) anokonzera zvirwere nekungovapo muviri we host anehutano futi nekugona kwavo kukonzera chirwere. Utachiona hwakawanda hwevanhu hunongotapukira vanhu asi humwe hurwere wekufa hunokonzerwa nenhongo dzirimunharaunda kana dzinotapukira kuzvinu zvisiri vanhu.^[5]

Opportunistic pathogens[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Opportunistic pathogens anogona kukonzera chirwere chinotapukira muvanhu vanehutano usina kusimba (Immunodeficiency), kana nekuti kwaitika surgery kana tsaona unogona kupinda mukati memuviri. Opportunist pathogens anokura kana host asina kusimba.

Primary infection versus secondary infection[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Primary infection inoonekwa sechinhu chinokonzera kurwara, secondary infection inoreva hutachiona wakonzereswa nechikonzero chekurwara.

Kutapurirana[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Zvirwere zvinotapukira dzimwe nguva dzinodaidzwa kunzi zvirwere zviricontagious kana dzichitapukira zvinyore nekubata munhu akurwara kana kubata zvidonhwe zvemunhu uye (e.g., influenza). Dzimwe mhando dzezvirwere dzinotapukira nenzira dzakasiyana, sekutapukirana pabonde, hawanzodaidzwa kunzi "contagious", kazhinji ivo vakurwara avavarirwe. Zvirwere zvinotapukirana zvinowanzo tapurirana kubva kumunhu kuenda kunemumwe munhu nekubatana kana kutapurira nemadonhwe, zvakare zvinogona kutapurirana mumhepo, muchikafu nemumvura yekunwa, futi nekusangana kwemhuka nevanhu uye nekurumwa nezvipembenene.^[6]

Zviratidzo[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Zviratidzo zvehutachiona zvinoenderana nerudzi rwechirwere. Zvimwe zviratidzo zvehutachiona zvinokanganisa muviri wese, sekushaya simba, kushaya nzara yekudya, kuonda, kupisa, kudikitira husiku, kutonhorwa, nekurwadziwa muviri. Dzimwe ratidzo dzakanangana nenhengo dzemuviri, kunge mapundu epaganda, kukosora, kana mhino ikubuda madziwa. Dzimwe nguva, zvirwere zvinotapukira zvinogona kusataridza mumunhu. Hutachiona hahuna kufanana nechirwere chinotapukira, sezvo humwe hutachiona haukonzeri kurwara mumunhu akahutakura.^[5]

Hutachiona wema bacteria nema virus[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Hutachiona wema bacteria nema virus hunogona kukonzera zviratidzo zvakafanana, zvinogona kunetsa kuziva chikonzero chechirwere.^[7] Kunzwisisa mutsauko kwakakosha, nekuti hutachiona wema virus harapike nemishonga asi hutachiona wema bacteria hunorapika nemishonga.^[8]

Hutsauko wehutachiona wema virus nehutachiona wema bacteria
Hunhu:	Hutachiona wema virus	Hutachiona wema bacteria
Zviratidzo	Kazhinji, hutachiona wema virus hunosanganisa minhengo akasiyana kana minhengo wemuviri anokunda imwe chete; i.e. mhino inobuda madziwa, kushungurudzika kwemasinus, kukosora, kurwadza kwemiviri etc. Hushoma hutachiona wema virus hunorwadza, senge herpes. Kurwadza kwehutachiona wema virus kunowanzotsanagurwa sekuvava kana kupisa.^[7]	Zviratidzo zwehutachiona wema bacteria zvinooneka pakutsuka, kupisa, kuzvimba nekurwadza. Chimwe chiratidzo chehutachiona wema bacteria kurwadza, kurwadza kurimunhengo yemuviri. Semuenzaniso, kana chironda chekuchekwa chikaitika chobva chava nehutachiona wema bacteria, kunoitika kurwadza panzvimbo ipaapo. Chironda chinobuda hurwa chinehutachiona.^[9]

Marapiro[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

Kana hutachiona huchirwisa muviri, mishonga inorwisa hutachiona inogona kudzikirisa hutachiona wacho. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemishonga inorwisa hutachiona iripo. Mishonga inorwisa ma bacteria inoshanda pama bacteria chete ayishandi pama virus. Mishonga inorwisa ma bacteria inoshanda nekudzora kuwanda kwema bacteria kana kuuraya ma bacteria.^[10]

References[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Chapter: 2. Disease and disease transmission. Available at https://ec.europa.en>cpd02 Accessed on 13 April 2020
↑ Grinde, Bjørn (2013-10-25). "Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation – viral strategies and host response". Journal of Oral Microbiology. 5: 22766. doi:10.3402/jom.v5i0.22766. ISSN 0901-8328. PMC 3809354. PMID 24167660.
↑ "Acute infections (MPKB)". mpkb.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09
↑ Boldogh, Istvan; Albrecht, Thomas; Porter, David D. (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Persistent Viral Infections", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413348, retrieved 2020-01-23
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Foster, John (2018). Microbiology. New York: Norton. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-393-60257-9.
↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 (Higurea & Pietrangelo 2016)
↑ "Bacterial vs. Viral Infections – Do You Know the Difference?" National Information Program on Antibiotics
↑ Robert N. Golden; Fred Peterson (2009). The Truth About Illness and Disease. Infobase Publishing, 2009. p. 181. ISBN 978-1438126371.
↑ "Infection". Rencare. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Chapter: 2. Disease and disease transmission. Available at https://ec.europa.en>cpd02 Accessed on 13 April 2020

[2] Grinde, Bjørn (2013-10-25). "Herpesviruses: latency and reactivation – viral strategies and host response". Journal of Oral Microbiology. 5: 22766. doi:10.3402/jom.v5i0.22766. ISSN 0901-8328. PMC 3809354. PMID 24167660.

[3] "Acute infections (MPKB)". mpkb.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09

[4] Boldogh, Istvan; Albrecht, Thomas; Porter, David D. (1996), Baron, Samuel (ed.), "Persistent Viral Infections", Medical Microbiology (4th ed.), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2, PMID 21413348, retrieved 2020-01-23

[:1-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Foster, John (2018). Microbiology. New York: Norton. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-393-60257-9.

[6] Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.

[:2-7] 7.0 ^7.1 (Higurea & Pietrangelo 2016)

[8] "Bacterial vs. Viral Infections – Do You Know the Difference?" National Information Program on Antibiotics

[9] Robert N. Golden; Fred Peterson (2009). The Truth About Illness and Disease. Infobase Publishing, 2009. p. 181. ISBN 978-1438126371.

[10] "Infection". Rencare. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2013.

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