Umar ibn al-Khattab
Umar ibn al-Khattab (c. 584–644 CE) aive mutevedzeri wechipiri (Caliph) weRashidun uye mumwe wevatungamiriri vechiIslam vane simba guru munhoroondo. Semufambidzani wepedyo weMuporofita Muhammad, akatora chigaro muna 634 CE pashure paAbu Bakr. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwake, hutongi hwechiIslam hwakakura zvakanyanya, huchikunda humambo hweByzantine neSassanid, uye akatanga nheyo dzeutongi nemutemo wehurumende yechiIslam.
Hupenyu hwekutanga neKutendeuka
[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]Umar akaberekerwa muMecca mumhuri yekwaBanu Adi yerudzi rweQuraysh. Pakutanga, aipikisa chiIslam zvakasimba, asi akatendeuka muna 616 CE. Chiitiko ichi chinoonekwa sengozi yakapa simba kunharaunda yechiMuslim yepakutanga. Nekuda kwesimba rake neushingi, akazova mupi wezano mukuru kuna Muhammad uyezve kuna Abu Bakr.
Utungamiriri neKukunda
[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]Kutonga kwaUmar (634–644 CE) kwakazivikanwa nekukura kwakanyanya kwechiIslam. Machinda ake ehondo, zvikuru Khalid ibn al-Walid naAmr ibn al-As, vakakunda Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Palestine, neSyria. Mumwe mukundi mukuru waakaita ndewe muJerusarema muna 637 CE, apo akafamba achienda ikoko kunogamuchira guta racho nerunyararo, achivimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwevaKristu nenzvimbo dzavo tsvene.
Kugadziriswa kweutongi
[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]Aizivikanwa nezita rekuti Al-Faruq ("Munhu anoparadzanisa zvakanaka nezvakaipa"). Umar aive mutungamiriri ane huchenjeri. Akatanga hurongwa hwe Diwan hwekuchengeta zvinyorwa zvehurumende nemari dzinopiwa vanhu, uye akatanga karenda yeHijri. Akagadza vatongi (qadis) uye akasimbisa dare re Shura (dare rekuzeya mazano) kuitira kuti hutungamiriri huenderere mberi zvakanaka.
Rufu neNhaka
[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]Umar akaurayiwa muna 644 CE naPiruz Nahavandi, muranda wechiPersia, apo akange achitungamirira minyengetero muMedina. Akavigwa muAl-Masjid an-Nabawi pedyo naMuhammad naAbu Bakr. Anorangarirwa sevanhu ane ruremekedzo rukuru muchitendero cheSunni Islam nekuda kwekururamisira kwake nekurarama hupenyu huri nyore.
Reference
[chinjirudza | chinjirudza mabviro]- Madigan, P. (2026). Umar ibn al-Khattab. Mu The Encyclopedia of Islamic History (Vol. 4, pp. 112–128). Academic Press.
- Donner, F. M. (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press.
- Hourani, A. (2013). A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press.