Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein

'Albert Einstein (1879–1955) achiri mumwe wevanhu vane simba guru munhoroondo yesainzi. Senyanzvi yezvefizikisi akaberekerwa kuGermany, anozivikanwa zvikuru nekugadzira dzidziso ye "relativity," iyo yakashandura zvachose kunzwisisa kwesainzi pamusoro penzvimbo (space), nguva, uye giravhiti (gravity). Basa rake rakavaka hwaro hwefizikisi yemazuva ano, kusanganisira "quantum mechanics" ne "cosmology."

Upenyu hweUduku neHwaro hweChidzidzo

Einstein akaberekerwa muUlm, kuGermany, musi wa 14 Kurume 1879. Pasinei nengano dzinoti akambotatarika muzvidzidzo achiri muduku, Einstein akaratidza tarenda remasvomhu nefizikisi achiri mwana muduku. Akawana dzidzo yake kuSwiss Federal Polytechnic School muZurich, akapedza muna 1900. Sezvo asina kukwanisa kuwana basa rekudzidzisa pakarepo, akatora chigaro semubatsiri wehunyanzvi muHofisi ye "Patent" kuBern (Isaacson, 2007). Panguva iyi, ari ega asiri mudare revadzidzi, ndipo paakanyora mabasa ake akanyanya kushamisa.

Gore reMinana—Annus Mirabilis (1905)

Gore ra 1905 rinowanzozonzi gore raEinstein reminanana (Annus Mirabilis). Munguva iyi, akaburitsa mapepa mana mujenari re *Annalen der Physik* ayo akashandura ruzivo rwefizikisi:

1. The Photoelectric Effect: Einstein akapa pfungwa yekuti chiedza chinoumbwa nezvikamu zvinonzi "quanta" (photons), kuwanikwa kwakaita kuti azopiwa mubairo weNobel Prize muFizikisi muna 1921.
2. Brownian Motion: Akapa humbowo hwekuti ma "atoms" ariko zvechokwadi.
3. Special Relativity: Akasuma pfungwa yekuti mitemo yefizikisi yakafanana kune vese vanoona zviitiko pasina kumhanya kuri kuchinja, uye kuti kumhanya kwechiedza mukati me "vacuum" hakuchinji.
4. Mass-Energy Equivalence: Akaburitsa fomula ine mukurumbira inoratidza hukama huri pakati pe "mass" (m) nesimba kana kuti "energy" (E):ETemplate:Spaces=Template:Spacesmc²

NeMukurumbira wePasi Rese

Muna 1915, Einstein akaburitsa dzidziso yake ye "General Theory of Relativity." Kusiyana nekufunga kwaIsaac Newton kwekuti giravhiti isimba rinodhuzva, Einstein akati giravhiti kukotamiswa kwe "spacetime" kunokonzerwa nehuremu (mass) nesimba. Dzidziso iyi yakasimbiswa muna 1919 panguva yekudyiwa kwezuva, apo nyanzvi yechiBhritish inonzi Arthur Eddington yakaona chiedza chenyeredzi chichikotama pakupfuura pedyo nezuva, sezvakange zvataurwa naEinstein (Hoffmann, 1972). Izvi zvakaita kuti Einstein ave nemukurumbira pasi rose.

Makore ekupedzisira neKubatsira Vanhu

Muna 1933, nekuda kwekukwira kwebato reNazi muGermany, Einstein akatamira kuUnited States, kwaakatambira chigaro paInstitute for Advanced Study muPrinceton, New Jersey. Kunyangwe akapedza makore ake ekupedzisira achitsvaga dzidziso inonzi "Unified Field Theory"—iyo yaizobatanidza masimba ese efizikisi—haana kubudirira pane izvi. Kunze kwesainzi, Einstein aive mutsigiri weZionism, rugare (pacifism), nekodzero dzevanhu, akataura zvine mukurumbira kuti "vakangwara havafaniri kumborega kutaura pfungwa dzavo" (Einstein, 1954/1994). Akashaya musi wa 18 Kubvumbi 1955.

Zvinyorwa zvakashandiswa

1. Einstein, A. (1994). *Ideas and opinions*. (S. Bargmann, Trans.). Modern Library. (Basa rekutanga rakaburitswa muna 1954).
2. Hoffmann, B. (1972). *Albert Einstein: Creator and rebel*. Viking Press.
3. Isaacson, W. (2007). *Einstein: His life and universe*. Simon & Schuster.
4. Stachel, J. (Ed.). (2005). *Einstein's miraculous year: Five papers that changed the face of physics*. Princeton University Press.